Synthesis of oxadiazole-2-oxide derivatives as potential drug candidates for schistosomiasis targeting SjTGR.

BACKGROUND: Schistosomiasis is a chronic parasitic disease that affects millions of people's health worldwide. Because of the increasing drug resistance to praziquantel (PZQ), which is the primary drug for schistosomiasis, developing new drugs to treat schistosomiasis is crucial. Oxadiazole-2-oxides have been identified as potential anti-schistosomiasis reagents targeting thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR). METHODS: In this work, one of the oxadiazole-2-oxides derivatives furoxan was used as the lead compound to exploit a series of novel furoxan derivatives for studying inhibitory activity against both recombinant Schistosoma japonicum TGR containing selenium (rSjTGR-Sec) and soluble worm antigen protein (SWAP) containing wild-type Schistosoma japonicum TGR (wtSjTGR), in order to develop a new leading compound for schistosomiasis. Thirty-nine novel derivatives were prepared to test their activity toward both enzymes. The docking method was used to detect the binding site between the active molecule and SjTGR. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these novel furoxan derivatives was preliminarily analyzed. RESULTS: It was found that several new derivatives, including compounds 6a-6d, 9ab, 9bd and 9be, demonstrated greater activity toward rSjTGR-Sec or SWAP containing wtSjTGR than did furoxan. Interestingly, all intermediates bearing hydroxy (6a-6d) showed excellent inhibitory activity against both enzymes. In particular, compound 6d with trifluoromethyl on a pyridine ring was found to have much higher inhibition toward both rSjTGR-Sec (half-maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50,7.5nM) and SWAP containing wtSjTGR (IC50 55.8nM) than furoxan. Additionally, the docking method identified the possible matching sites between 6d and Schistosoma japonicum TGR (SjTGR), which theoretically lends support to the inhibitory activity of 6d. CONCLUSION: The data obtained herein showed that 6d with trifluoromethyl on a pyridine ring could be a valuable leading compound for further study.

Barcode e bioprospecção de metabólitos das algas marinhas Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea e Laurenciella sp. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) / Barcode and bioprospecting of metabolites from the marine algae Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea e Laurenciella sp. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta)

A natureza e diversidade das estruturas químicas com atividade farmacológica que se tem encontrado nos organismos marinhos justificam a busca por novos compostos que são de interesse nas mais diversas áreas de aplicação. As espécies de macroalgas vermelhas, em especial Laurencia spp., merecem destaque pela enorme variedade de terpenos e acetogeninas que produzem, sendo consideradas de grande potencial na produção de novos fármacos. O estudo de seus constituintes pode fornecer importantes subsídios para a quimiotaxonomia, ecologia química, caracterização das espécies e avaliação do potencial biotecnológico. Baseado nisso, Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea e Laurenciella sp. foram selecionadas para o presente estudo para isolamento, caracterização e teste de atividades biológicas dos seus compostos. A técnica do DNA barcoding foi utilizada como ferramenta de diagnóstico para garantir a similaridade entre as amostras de cada espécie, que foram coletadas em época e locais diferentes. Do extrato orgânico de Laurencia aldingensis, nove substâncias foram isoladas, sendo quatro esfingosinas (1-4), três terpenos (5-7) e duas novas substâncias halogenadas (8 e 9). Do extrato orgânico de Laurencia dendroidea formam isolados dois terpenos halogenados conhecidos (10, 11) e, do extrato de Laurenciella sp. três novas substâncias halogenadas alifáticas insaturadas (12-14), assim como um ácido graxo (15) e um esterol (16) conhecidos. Dentre elas, a 8 apresentou atividade citotóxica, mas não se mostrou seletivo, e as substâncias 4 e 11 apresentaram atividade esquistossomicida, bastante promissora. No entanto, nenhum deles apresentou atividade antioxidante. Diante desta investigação, podemos dizer que as informações geradas com os estudos de Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea e Laurenciella sp. expandiram significantemente o conhecimento no que tange a diversidade química no gênero e o potencial biológico-farmacêutico dos mesmos

The nature and diversity of chemical structures with pharmacological activity that have been found in marine organisms justifies the search for new compounds that may have applications in various areas of interest. Species of red seaweeds, especially Laurencia spp., are special because of the unprecedented variety of terpenes and acetogenins they produce that are considered potentially useful for the production of new drugs. Study of their constituents can also provide important insights relating to their chemotaxonomy, chemical ecology, characterization of species and biotechnological potential. On this basis Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea and Laurenciella sp., were selected for study and isolation, characterization, and biological activity assessment of isolatable quantities of their compounds. The technique of DNA barcoding was used as a diagnostic tool to ensure similarity between samples of each species collected at different times and places. From the organic extract of Laurencia aldingensis nine compounds were isolated; four sphingosines (1-4), three terpenes (5-7) and other two new halogenated compound (8, 9). From the organic extract of Laurencia dendroidea two known halogenated terpenes (10, 11) were isolated while from a similar extract of Laurenciella sp., three new halogenated aliphatic compounds (12-14) were isolated together with known fatty acid (15) and sterol (16). Among all isolates, 8 demonstrated unspecific cytotoxic activity and compounds 4 and 11 showed promising schistosomicidal activity. In applied antioxidant assays none of the isolates we noted to have activity. From the overall investigation it is also clear that the information gleaned from the studies of Laurencia aldingensis, L. dendroidea and Laurenciella sp., significantly expanded our knowledge base concerning chemical diversity in the genus Laurencia and their biological-pharmaceutical potential

Anti-schistosomiasis triterpene glycoside from the Egyptian medicinal plant Asparagus stipularis

Bioassay-guided isolation using an in vitro assay testing for anti- schistosomiasis yielded a novel triterpene saponin, asparagalin A, from the n-butanol extract of the roots of Asparagus stipularis Forssk., Asparagaceae. The structure was elucidated by spectroscopic analysis and chemical transformations. Administration of asparagalin A resulted in a retardation of worm growth and locomotion at the first day and showed a significant activity of egg-laying suppression at 200 µg/mL concentration.